Upper-arm bone forming the proximal side of the elbow complex.
ZONE 1 · REGION 05Upper Arm, Elbow
Upper Arm, Elbow
& Forearm
Region ini memindahkan force antara shoulder dan hand. Assessment perlu melihat elbow movement, forearm rotation, grip-related load dan task sebenar — bukan terus menyalahkan satu tendon atau muscle.
REGIONAL OUTCOMESOrient arm & elbow anatomyAssess flexion/extension & rotationUnderstand load-related findingsProgress function safely
ELBOWHUMERUS · RADIUS · ULNA
A link between shoulder force and hand function.
Forearm bones contributing to elbow movement and forearm rotation.
Elbow flexors/extensors and forearm muscle groups contribute to lifting, pushing, pulling and grip tasks.
Load-sensitive tendon attachments may become symptomatic, but location alone does not establish a specific diagnosis.
Four motions, many daily tasks.
⌃
FLEXIONBending elbow for eating, lifting and reaching toward body.
⌄
EXTENSIONStraightening elbow for pushing and reaching.
↻
SUPINATIONTurning palm upward.
↺
PRONATIONTurning palm downward.
Common complaints may be local discomfort, stiffness, load sensitivity, weakness or difficulty gripping/lifting. Symptom location is a clue — not a diagnosis.
Match assessment to the provoking task.
INTERVIEWonset · trauma · repetitive/load change · neuro symptoms
→ACTIVE ROMflex · extend · pronate · supinate
→LOADsimple relevant task if appropriate
→COMPAREside · quality · symptom response
→FUNCTIONgrip · lift · push · pull
LOAD IS INFORMATION
Jika symptom hanya muncul semasa lifting/grip, assessment perlu capture task itu pada safe starting dose. Jangan repeatedly provoke strong pain semata-mata untuk “confirm” tissue.
Example objective: improve comfortable grip-and-lift tolerance.
Comfortable elbow/forearm movement and supported positioning.
Relevant active elbow or forearm motion within tolerated range.
Appropriate trained input when it supports comfort/movement; avoid aggressive work over acute injury.
Progress relevant muscle/tendon capacity from manageable resistance toward the real task.
ISOMETRIC / LOW DEMAND→CONTROLLED REPS→MORE LOAD→TASK-SPECIFIC
Retest the task, not just local tenderness.
Record tolerable load, movement quality and symptom response.
Better, same or worse? Adjust load and plan from the response.
Maintain comfortable relevant motion.
Use manageable resistance with clear dose.
Allow appropriate recovery from unfamiliar or increased workload.
Build toward actual work/sport/daily demand.
Seek appropriate assessment for significant trauma or deformity, suspected fracture/dislocation, rapidly increasing swelling, inability to use the limb after injury, new major weakness or sensory loss, concerning colour/temperature/circulation change, severe unexplained symptoms, infection/systemic illness signs, or chest/cardiac-type symptoms extending into the arm. Emergency-pattern symptoms require urgent medical help.